Older adults who do not eat enough protein-rich foods such as milk, eggs, fish, and legumes face a significantly higher risk of muscle weakness and declining physical function, according to a new study. The findings suggest that insufficient protein intake can make basic daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, and grocery shopping more difficult.
An international research team led by Professor Rizwan Qaisar of the University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates analyzed data from 38,073 adults aged 50 and older across 27 European countries, finding that those with low protein intake showed markedly higher risks of grip strength decline and physical function impairment, according to a paper published in the international journal Nutrients on Tuesday (local time).
The study was based on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), conducted in 2019-2020 and 2021-2022. The researchers scored participants' consumption frequency of dairy products, eggs, legumes, meat, and fish, classifying the bottom 10% as the "low protein intake group."
The analysis found that men showed elevated risks of grip strength decline regardless of age group. Men aged 50 to 65 had a 39% higher risk of muscle weakness, while those aged 66 and older showed a 35% higher risk. Among women, the risk of grip strength decline rose by 21% in the group aged 66 and older.
"Walking and Grocery Shopping May Become Difficult"…Greater Impact on Women
Differences were also confirmed in the ability to perform daily activities. People with low protein intake were more likely to have difficulty walking 100 meters or raising their arms above their heads. In some categories, the increase in risk exceeded 50%.
The impact was particularly pronounced among women. A higher proportion reported difficulty bending or kneeling, and the risk of having trouble with activities such as grocery shopping increased by up to 65%. Women aged 50 to 65 were more than twice as likely to experience inconvenience using the toilet compared with the group that consumed adequate protein.
Men were relatively more vulnerable in activities involving pushing or pulling heavy objects. The research team explained that protein deficiency reduces the ability to maintain muscle mass and can accelerate the progression of sarcopenia.
As aging progresses, the body's ability to synthesize muscle protein declines, and failing to consume enough protein during this period can further accelerate muscle loss. Reduced muscle strength increases the risk of falls and fractures, which may ultimately lead to greater hospitalization or dependence on care.
"Everyday movements such as walking, standing up, or carrying a shopping bag are only possible when supported by muscle strength and balance," Professor Qaisar said. "Long-term protein deficiency can make it difficult to maintain an independent life."
